ABSTRACT
Aim: The purpose of the study was to validate the systematic six-step arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis in critically ill patients to diagnose mixed ABG disorders. Materials and method: The study was conducted in the ICU of a tertiary care hospital (between 1 June and 30 September, 2007) for 4 months. A total of 560 ABG samples were evaluated from 183 patients. 50 samples were randomly picked and evaluated by single step, quick look method and six-step approaches for detecting mixed ABG disorders. Results: Single, quick and six-step methods when applied on same data, revealed higher number of mixed disorders with systematic six-step approach. Quick-step method revealed only 48% mixed disorders while six-step analysis confirmed 62% having mixed disorders, from the samples which initially appeared to be single disorder. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory acidosis (26%) was the commonest disorder. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory alkalosis (20%), respiratory alkalosis with metabolic alkalosis (6%), metabolic alkalosis with respiratory acidosis (4%), metabolic acidosis with NGMA (4%) and metabolic acidosis with metabolic alkalosis (2%) were the other mixed disorders seen. Conclusion: Mixed disorders as suspected on clinical grounds can only be validated after complete analysis by six-step approach in critically ill patients. pH, PaCO2, and HCO3 – allow determination of primary disorder, but it is only the inequality between predicted and actual compensatory response for simple acid-base disorders which reveals a mixed disorder.
Subject(s)
Acid-Base Equilibrium , Acidosis/diagnosis , Acidosis, Respiratory/diagnosis , Alkalosis/diagnosis , Alkalosis, Respiratory/diagnosis , Critical Care , Critical Illness , Humans , Intensive Care Units , Sampling Studies , Tertiary Care CentersABSTRACT
Defeitos na capacidade de acidificação e concentração urinárias têm sido descritos em pacientes portadores de leishmaniose visceral. Foram avaliados os distúrbios do equilíbrio ácido-base presentes nos pacientes com calazar, bem como os fatores relacionados. Metodologia: Foram estudados 59 pacientes com formas crônicas de calazar e comparados a um grupo controle. A gasometria arterial foi colhida em jejum; o pH urinário, a acidez titulável e a amônia urinária foram determinadas em urinas colhidas sob óleo mineral. A amônia foi dosada pela técnica de Berthelot e a acidez titulável, pela técnica de Palmer. Resultados: Todos os pacientes tinham hipoalbuminemia, hipergamaglobulimenia e hiponatremia. O grupo I compreendeu 75,5% dos pacientes, que apresentaram quadro misto de alcalose respiratória e alcalose metabólica. Hipocloremia ocorreu em 37,6%; hipocalemia associada a um potássio urinário elevado foi observada em 24,8% dos casos. Hipomagnesemia com perda renal de magnésio e potássio foi detectada em 44% dos casos. O grupo II, constituído por 24,5% dos pacientes, apresentou quadro de acidose metabólica. A excreção urinária de H+, a acidez titulável e a amônia foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. Um elevado pH urinário e uma carga elétrica urinária positiva confirmaram no grupo II a presença de acidose tubular renal distal. O equilíbrio ácido-base, pelo modelo stewart-Figge, mostra diminuição da diferença de íons fortes (SIDa), elevação do SIG e diminuição da concentração de ácidos fracos. Conclusões: Alcalose respiratória crônica e alcalose metabólica associada 9grupo I) foram observadas em 75.5% dos casos e relacionaram-se com o quadro de pneumonite intersticial, anemia, febre e disfunção hepática. Hipomagnesemia com depleção de potássio e magnésio estava presente.
Defects in the ability of urinary acidification and concentration have been described in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. We assessed disorders present acid-base balance in patients with kala-azar, as well as the related factors. Methodology: We studied 59 patients with chronic forms of leishmaniasis and compared to a control group. The arterial blood gas was collected in fasting, urinary pH, titratable acidity and urinary ammonium were determined in urine collected under mineral oil. Ammonia was measured by the Berthelot technique and acidity, the technique of Palmer. Results: All patients had hypoalbuminemia, and hyponatremia hipergamaglobulimenia. Group I comprised 75.5% of patients, who had mixed picture of respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis. Hypochloremia occurred in 37.6%, hypokalemia associated with a high urinary potassium was observed in 24.8% of cases. Hypomagnesemia with renal loss of magnesium and potassium was detected in 44% of cases. Group II, consisting of 24.5% of patients presented with metabolic acidosis. The urinary excretion of H +, acidity and ammonia were similar in both groups. A high urinary pH and urinary a positive electric charge in the group II confirmed the presence of distal renal tubular acidosis. The acid-base balance by Stewart-Figge model shows decrease in strong ion difference (AIDS), an increase of GIS and decreased concentration of weak acids. Conclusions: Chronic respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis associated 9grupo I) were observed in 75.5% of cases and were related to the picture of interstitial pneumonitis, anemia, fever and liver dysfunction. Hypomagnesemia with depletion of potassium and magnesium was present. Metabolic acidosis (group II) was observed in 24.5% of patients presenting with.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Acidosis, Renal Tubular/diagnosis , Alkalosis, Respiratory/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/complications , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosisABSTRACT
Se expone un caso de síndrome de Bartter en un lactante menor de dos meses de edad con antecedente prenatal de polihidramnios y parto pretérmino. Con historia de vómito, diarrea y estreñimiento ocasional, asociado con retardo pondoestatural. Este paciente presentó cuadro de bronconeumonía viral la cual evolucionó en forma tórpida con aumento del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (SDR) y deterioro del estado general por lo cual hubo necesidad de trasladarlo a la unidad de cuidado intensivo de pediatría. Allí se corroboró la presencia de alcalosis metabólica hipokalémica e hipoclorémica con aumento de la excreción urinaria de K, Na y Cl y defecto en la habilidad de concentrar la orina. Aunado a esto se detectó hiperreninemia, poliuria y aldosterona elevada. La tensión arterial fue normal con un percentil menor de cinco para el peso y de 10 para la talla. Con base en todo lo anterior se pudo confirmar el diagnóstico de síndrome de Bartter